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Urban renewal is as much a matter of psychology as it is of bricks and mortar. As Goldberger (2005) has described, there have been many plans to revitalize Havana. But both that city and the community of Cuban exiles in Florida remain haunted by a sense of absence and separation. As Lourdes Casal (1998) reminds us

Exile

is living where there is no house whatever

in which we were ever children; (1. 1–3)

The psychology of outsiders also makes a difference. Part of the reason Americans have not much noticed the dire plight of their fifth-largest city is that it does not "stir the national imagination" (Rybczynski, 1998, p. 12). Conversely, there has been far more concern over the state of cities such as New Orleans and Quebec, whose history and architecture excite the romantic imagination. As Nora Phelps (1998) has discussed, the past is in itself a key trigger for romantic notions, and it is no doubt inevitable that cities whose history is particularly visible will engender passionate attachments. And as Stephanie Wright and Carole King (2003) have detailed in an important case study, almost all French-speaking Quebecers feel their heritage to be bound up with that of Quebec City. (Richard Ford's character Frank Bascombe has suggested that "New Orleans defeats itself" by longing "for a mystery it doesn't have and never will, if it ever did" [Ford, 1995, 48] but this remains a minority view.)

Georgiana Gibson (2004a) is also among those who have investigated the interplay between urban psychology and urban reality. Gibson's personal website (2004b) now includes the first of a set of working models she is developing in an attempt to represent the effects of psychological schemata on the landscape.

References

Casal, L. (1998, January 26). Definition. (E. Macklin, Trans.). The New Yorker, 79.

Ford, R. (1995). The sportswriter (2nd ed.). New York: Random House.

Gibson, G. (2004a). Cities in the twentieth century. Boston: Beacon.

Gibson, G. (2004b, June 10). Homepage. Retrieved from http:www.geography.byu.edu/GIBSON/personal.html

Goldberger, P. (2005, January 26). Annals of preservation: Bringing back Havana. The New Yorker, 50–62. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com

Phelps, N. (1998). Pastness and the foundations of romanticism. Romanticism on the Net, 11. DOI: 10.1008/rotn.1998.4611

Rybczynski, W. (1998, February 5). The fifth city. [Review of the book A prayer for the city]. The New York Review of Books, 12–14.

Wright, S., & King, C. (2003). Quebec: A history (Vols. 1–2). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.


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