About the List of References

The list of references in APA style is an alphabetized list at the end of the essay, article, or book. Usually, it includes all the information necessary to identify and retrieve each of the sources you have cited, and only the works you have cited. In this case the list is entitled References. If the list includes all works you have consulted, regardless of whether or not you have cited them, it should be entitled Bibliography.

Single Author

In most cases the references list is alphabetized by author last name. For a work with one author, the entry should begin with the last name, followed by a comma, and then the author's initials as applicable, followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

Note that initials are generally used rather than first names, even when authors are identified by first name in the work itself.

Example:

Eliot, G. (2004). Middlemarch: A study of provincial life (G. Maertz, Ed.). Peterborough, ON: Broadview. (Original work published 1872)

Two or Three Authors

Last names should in all cases come first, followed by initials. Up to six authors may be listed in this way. Use an ampersand rather than and before the last author.

Note that the authors' names should appear in the order they are listed; sometimes this is not alphabetical.

Example:

Eagles, M., Bickerton, J. P., & Gagnon, A. (1991). The almanac of Canadian politics. Peterborough, ON: Broadview.

More than Six Authors

Rather than name all authors, name the first six and then use et al.

Example:

Allain, P., Verny, C., Aubin, G., Pinon, K., Bonneau, D., Dubas, F., et al. (2005). Arithmetic word-problem-solving in Huntington's disease. Brain and Cognition, 57(1), 1–3.

Corporate Author:

If a work has been issued by a government body, a corporation, or some other organization and no author is identified, the entry should be listed by the name of the group.

Examples:

Broadview Press. (2005). Annual report. Calgary, AB: Author.

Broadview Press. (n.d.). Questions and answers about book pricing. Broadview Press Web Site. Retrieved from www.broadviewpress.com/bookpricing.asp?inc=bookpricing

City of Toronto, City Planning Division. (2000, June). Toronto at the crossroads: Shaping our future. Toronto: Author.

Works with No Author

Works with no author should be alphabetized by title.

Columbia encyclopedia (6th ed.) (2001). New York: Columbia University Press.

If you have referred to only one entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary, however, the entry in your list of references should be by the title of that entry (see below).

Two or More Works by the Same Author

The author's name should appear for all entries. Entries should be ordered by year of publication.

Examples:

Menand, L. (2002). The metaphysical club: A story of ideas in America. New York: Knopf.

Menand, L. (2004, June 28). Bad comma: Lynne Truss's strange grammar. [Review of the book Eats, shoots & leaves]. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com

If two or more cited works by the same author have been published in the same year, arrange these alphabetically and use letters to distinguish among them (2005a), (2005b), and so on.

Edited Works

Entries for edited works include the abbreviation ed. or eds.

Example:

Gross, B., Field, D., & Pinker, L. (Eds.). (2002). New approaches to the history of psychoanalysis. New York: Duckworth.

Selections from Anthologies or Collections of Readings

A selection from a collection of readings or an anthology should be listed as follows:

Examples:

Rosengarten, H. (2002). Fleiss's nose and Freud's mind: A new perspective. In B. Gross, D. Field, & L. Pinker (Eds.), New approaches to the history of psychoanalysis (pp. 232–243). New York: Duckworth.

Crawford, I. V. (n.d.). The canoe. Representative poetry online. Retrieved February 17, 2005, from http ://www.eir.library. utoronto.ca/rpo/display/poem596

Gleach, F. W. (1996). Controlled speculation: Interpreting the saga of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith. In J. Brown & E. Vibert (Eds.), Reading beyond words: Contexts for Native history (pp. 21–42). Peterborough, ON: Broadview.

Works Available in both Printed and Electronic Versions

If a work is available both online and in a printed journal, you are not required to provide the URL; if you have consulted the electronic version, however, that should be noted as follows.

Example:

Earn, B., & Towson, S. (2005). Shyness and aggression: A new study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(3), 144–153. DOI: 10.1006/jpsp.2005.0722

Reference Work Entries

List by the author of the entry, if known; otherwise, list by the entry itself.

Examples:

Marsh, J. (1999). "Canoe, birchbark." The Canadian encyclopedia (Year 2000 ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.

Saint Lawrence Seaway. (2001). The Columbia encyclopedia (6th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.bartleby. com/65/st/STLawrSwy.html

Films, Programs, Interviews, Performances, Music, Art:

Films, radio or television programs, interviews, dramatic performances, musical recordings, and paintings should be listed as follows.

Films, Television, Radio

Examples:

Levinson, B. (Director). (1997). Wag the dog. [Motion picture]. Los Angeles: MGM.

Family farm vs. factory farm. (2003, November 23). Country Canada. Toronto: CBC. CBC Archives. Retrieved from http://www.archivescbc.ca/IDC-I-73-1239-6930/pig_INDUSTRY/ CLIP2

 Interviews

Examples:

Bellow, S. Interview. Books in Canada. Sept. 1996: 2–6.

Counts, D. A., & Counts, D. R. (1997, November 26). [Interview with Pamela Wallin]. Pamela Wallin Live. CBC Newsworld.

Rosengarten, H. (2005, January 21). [Personal interview].

Magazine Articles

Note that neither quotation marks nor italics are used for the titles of articles.

If no author is identified, the title of the article should appear first. If you are citing a printed version, you should give the page reference for the article.

Examples:

Gladwell, M. (2000, August 21). The art of failure: Why some people choke and others panic. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://http://www.gladwell.com/2000_08_21_a_choking.html

MacRitchie, L. (2000, January). Ofili's glittering icons. Art in America. Retrieved from http://www .findarticles.com.ofili.j672.jn.htm

Shifting sands. (2005, February 12–18). The Economist, 46–47.

Newspaper Articles

The basic principles to follow with newspaper articles or editorials are the same as with magazine articles (see above).

Note that APA requires that all page numbers for print versions be provided when articles do not continue on consecutive pages.

Examples:

Clash over Nobel cash. (1998, February 11). The Washington Post, A14.

Glanz, J. (2005, February 17). Iraq's Shiite alliance wins slim majority in new assembly. The New York Times, pp. A1, A12.

If you are citing an online version of a newspaper article you have retrieved through a search of its website, you should provide the URL for the site, not for the exact location.

Glanz, J. (2005, February 17). Iraq's Shiite alliance wins slim majority in new assembly. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Journal Articles

The basic principles are the same as with magazine articles.

Volume number is considered part of the journal's title and should be italicized; issue number is given in brackets for journals that are paginated by issue.

For online versions you should include the digital object identifier (DOI) where available, as well as volume and issue number. If no DOI is available, you should cite a URL for the article (or for the home page of the journal if the URL is very lengthy or if the article is available by subscription only).

Examples:

Barker, P. (2004). The impact of class size on the classroom behaviour of special needs students: A longitudinal study. Educational Quarterly, 25(4), 87–99.

Hurka, T. M. (1996). Improving on perfectionism. Philosophical Review, 99, 462–473.

Roy, I. (2005). Irony as a psychological concept. American Psychologist, 58, 244–256. DOI: 10.1006/ap .2005.0680

Sohmer, S. (1999). Ways of perceiving maps and globes. Current Research in Spatial Psychology, 46(3). Retrieved from http://www.shu.ac.uk/emls/03-1/sohmjuli.html

Surtees, P. (2008). The psychology of the children's crusade of 1212. Studies in Medieval History andSociety, 3(4), 279–325. DOI: 10.1008/smhs.2008.0581

Book Reviews

The name of the reviewer (if it has been provided) should come first, followed by the date and title of the review, and the information on the book itself.

Examples:

O'Hagan, A. (2005, February 18). Fossil fuels. [Review of the book Underground Energy]. London Review of Books. Retrieved from http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n04/ohag01_.html

Our fathers. (2005, February 11–18). [Review of the book Parenting: The other half]. 83.

Other Web References

In the case of online sources not covered by the above, the same principles apply. Where an author or editor is indicated, list by author. If the source is undated or its content likely to change, you should include the date on which you accessed the material.

Examples:

Brown University. (2006, May). Brown University. Women writers project. Retrieved February 28, 2009,from http://www.brown.edu/

LePan, D. (n.d.) The psychology of skyscrapers. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://donlepan.com

Profile of book publishing and exclusive agency, for English language firms [Chart]. (2002). Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.ca/english/pgdb/arts02.html


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