Documentation in Philosophy
Chicago Style
There are two chief concerns when it comes to citing and documenting material: accuracy and consistency. Whatever system of citation is used, a research writer must follow it closely and consistently.
The massively comprehensive Chicago Manual of Style provides full information both on an author-date system of citation that is similar to APA style, and to a traditional footnoting system. The latter is outlined below.
The Chicago Manual of Style now deals extensively with the citation of electronic materials; sensibly, it recognizes that practices in such areas are likely to remain to some extent "under construction," and the editors emphasize that rules "are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity."
Please note that bibliography citations in the Chicago style should be indented after the first line, whereas the footnotes are not indented.
The basic principle of Chicago style is to create a footnote each time one cites a source.
Example:
Bonnycastle refers to "the true and lively spirit of opposition" with which Marxist literary criticism invigorates the discipline.1
The superscript number 1 here is linked to the information provided where the same number appears at the foot of the page:
1. Stephen Bonnycastle, In Search of Authority: An Introductory Guide to Literary Theory, 2nd ed.
(Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1996), 204.
In addition, all works cited (and works that have been consulted but are not cited in the body of your essay) must be included in a Bibliography that appears at the end of the essay. The reference under Bibliography at the end of the paper would, in this case, be as follows.
Example:
Bonnycastle, S. (2007). In search of authority: A guide to literary theory (3rd ed. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
Notice in the above examples that the author's full first name is provided (not an initial).
In a footnote, publication information is placed in parentheses, a page number for the quotation is provided, and the note is indented. In the entry in the Bibliography no parentheses are placed around the publication information, and the entry is out-dented.
Notice in the above example that both the title and the subtitle are in italics. Titles of short works (such as articles, poems, and short stories) should be put in quotation marks. In all titles, key words should be capitalized.
Any quotation should include a reference, as should factual information that is not general knowledge.
Example:
At the time of the rebellion per capita income is estimated to have been less than $500,1 and tens of thousands of children had already starved to death.2
The superscript numbers in the above text connect to footnotes as follows:
1. Sean Carver, "The Economic Foundations for Unrest in East Timor, 1970–1995," Journal of Economic History 21, no. 2 (2004): 103.
2. Jennifer Riley, "East Timor in the Pre-Independence Years," Asian History Online 11, no. 4 (2003): par. 18, http://www.aho.ubc.edu/prs/text-only/issue.45/16.3jr.txt.
Note that where page numbers are unavailable, it is recommended that other available information (such as paragraph or section references) be provided.
If you need to include words of your own within a quotation, square brackets may be used for this purpose.
Single quotation marks should be used for quotations within a quotation:
Example
As Smith has pointed out, "it was [Raymond] Williams who first outlined the development in Britain of a 'print culture,' in his influential 1960s book The Long Revolution."1
If a quotation includes an error, or something the reader might assume to be an error, the word sic should be inserted in square brackets:
The secretary has written that "America, in it's [sic] wisdom, can be counted on to come to the assistance of those suffering under tyrannous regimes."1
For later references to an already-cited source, use the author's last name, title, and page number only. (Note that the use of op. cit. is no longer accepted practice.)
1. Bonnycastle, In Search of Authority, 28.
If successive references are to the same work, use ibid.
Examples:
1. Sean Carver, "The Economic Foundations for Unrest in East Timor, 1970–1995," Journal of Economic History 21, no. 2 (2004): 103.
2. Ibid., 109.
3. Ibid., 111.
4. Jennifer Riley, "East Timor in the Pre-Independence Years," Asian History Online 11, no. 4 (2003): par. 18, http://www.aho.ubc.edu/prs/text-only/issue.45/16.3jr.txt.
5. Ibid., par. 24.
If an Internet document cited is in PDF format, the page numbers are stable and may be cited in the same way that one would the pages of a printed book or journal article.
Many Internet page numbers are unstable, however, and many more lack page numbers. Instead, provide a section number, paragraph number, or other identifier if available. Note that Chicago style now recommends (though it does not require) that the date accessed be included for electronic sources.
Example:
2. Hanif Bhabha, "Family Life in 1840s Virginia," Southern History Web Archives (2003): par. 14. http://shweb.ut.edu/history/american.nineteenthc/bhabha.html (accessed March 3, 2009).
If you are citing longer texts from electronic versions, and counting paragraph numbers is impracticable, chapter references may be more appropriate.
For example, if the online Gutenberg edition of Darwin's On the Origin of the Species were being cited, the citation would be as follows:
Darwin refers to the core of his theory as an "ineluctable principle."1
1. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species (1856; Project Gutenberg, 2001), chap. 26, http://www.gutenberg.darwin.origin. frrp.ch26.html (accessed March 2, 2009).
Students should be cautioned that online editions of older or classic works are often unreliable; typically there are far more typos and other errors in online versions of literary texts than there are in print versions.
Note that in the above example both the date of the original publication and the date of the modern edition are provided. If you are citing work in a form that has been revised by the author, however, you should cite the date of the revised publication, not the original.
1. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: A Study of Antebellum America, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 178.
If there are two or three authors, they should be identified as follows in the footnote and in the Bibliography:
Footnote Example:
4. Eric Alderman and Mark Green, Tony Blair and the Rise of New Labour (London: Cassell, 2002), 180.
Bibliography Example:
Alderman, Eric, and Mark Green. Tony Blair and the Rise of New Labour. London: Cassell, 2002.
In the footnote, name only the first author, and use the phrase and others (preferred to the Latin et al.); in the bibliography, name all authors.
Footnote Example:
11. Richard Johnston and others, Letting the People Decide: Dynamics of a Canadian Election (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992), 232.
Bibliography Example:
Johnston, Richard, Andre Blais, Henry E. Brady, and Jean Crete. Letting the People Decide: Dynamics of a Canadian Election. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992.
Identify by the corporate author if known, and otherwise identify by the title of the work. Unsigned newspaper articles or dictionary and encyclopedia entries are usually not listed in the bibliography.
In notes, unsigned dictionary or encyclopedia entries are identified by the title of the reference work, eg., Columbia Encyclopedia, and unsigned newspaper articles are not listed by the title of the article in footnotes but by the title of the newspaper in the bibliography. Ignore initial articles (the, a, an) when alphabetizing.
Footnote Examples:
6. National Hockey League Guide, 1966–67 (Toronto: National Hockey League, 1966), 77.
7. "Globalization's Effects Felt in Rural Ecuador," New York Times, September 12, 2004, A14.
8. Broadview Press, "Questions and Answers about Book Pricing," Broadview Press, http://www.broadviewpress.com/book pricing.asp?inc=bookpricing (accessed March 5, 2009).
9. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Records of the Transportation Inquiry, 2004 (Boston: Massachusetts Publishing Office, 2005), 488.
10. Columbia Encyclopedia, "Ecuador," http://bartleby.com.columbia.txt.acc.html (accessed March 4, 2009).
11. House Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Trade, Free Trade Area of the Americas: Hearings, 105th Cong., 1st sess., July 22, 1997, Hearing Print 105-32, 160, http://www. waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp (accessed July 22, 2009).
Corresponding Bibliography Examples:
Broadview Press. "Questions and Answers about Book Pricing." Broadview Press. http://www.broadviewpress.com/bookpricing. asp?inc=bookpricing (accessed March 5, 2009).
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Records of the Transportation Inquiry, 2004. Boston: Massachusetts Publishing Office, 2005.
National Hockey League Guide, 1966-67. Toronto: National Hockey League, 1966.
New York Times. "Globalization's Effects Felt in Rural Ecuador," September 12, 2004, A14.
U.S. Congress. House Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Trade. Free Trade Area of the Americas: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade. 105th Cong., 1st sess., July 22, 1997. Hearing Print 105-32. http://www.waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp (accessed March 5, 2009).
In the citation for a work in an anthology or collection of essays, use the name of the author of the work you are citing. If the work is reprinted in one source but was first published elsewhere, include the details of the original publication in the bibliography.
Footnote Examples:
6. Eric Hobsbawm, "Peasant Land Occupations," in Uncommon People: Resistance and Rebellion (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), 167.
7. Frederic W. Gleach, "Controlled Speculation: Interpreting the Saga of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith," in Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, 2nd ed., ed. Jennifer Brown and Elizabeth Vibert (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2003), 43.
Bibliography Examples:
Gleach, Frederic W. "Controlled Speculation: Interpreting the Saga of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith." In Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, 2nd ed., edited by Jennifer Brown and Elizabeth Vibert, 39–74 (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2003).
Hobsbawm, Eric. "Peasant Land Occupations." In Uncommon People: Resistance and Rebellion (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), 166–190. Originally published in Past and Present 62 (1974): 120–52.
If you are citing a source from a reference other than the source itself, you should include information about both sources, supplying as much information as you are able to about the original source.
Example:
In de Beauvoir's famous phrase, "one is not born a woman, one becomes one."1
Footnote Citation:
1. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (London: Heinemann, 1966), 44, quoted in Ann Levey, "Feminist Philosophy Today," Philosophy Now, par. 8, http://www.ucalgary.ca.philosophy.nowsite675.html (March 4, 2005).
Bibliography Citation:
de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. London: Heinemann, 1966. Quoted in Ann Levey, "Feminist Philosophy Today," Philosophy Now, http://www.ucalgary.ca.philosophy.nowsite675.html (accessed March 4, 2005).
After the first entry in the bibliography, use three hyphens for subsequent entries of works by the same author (rather than repeat the author's name).
Entries for multiple works by the same author are normally arranged alphabetically by title.
Example:
Menand, Louis. The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America. New York: Knopf, 2002.
---. "Bad Comma: Lynne Truss's Strange Grammar." The New Yorker, June 28, 2004. http://www.Newyorker.com/critics/books/?040628crbo_books1 (accessed March 5, 2009).
Entries for edited works include the abbreviation ed. or eds. Note that when ed. appears after a title, it means "edited by."
Footnote Examples:
5. Brian Gross, ed., New Approaches to Environmental Politics: A Survey (New York: Duckworth, 2004), 177.
6. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, 2nd ed., ed. Lorne Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf, Broadview Edition (1818; Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001), 89.
Bibliography Examples:
Gross, Brian, ed. New Approaches to Environmental Politics: A Survey. New York: Duckworth, 2004.
Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 2nd ed. Edited by Lorne Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf. Broadview Edition. Peterborough: Broadview, 2001. First published in 1818.
The titles of articles appear in quotation marks. The page range should appear in the bibliography if it is known. (This will not always be possible if the source is an electronic version.) If no authorship is attributed, list the title of the article as the "author" in the footnote, and the magazine title as the "author" in the bibliography.
Footnote Examples:
2. Lynn MacRitchie, "Ofili's Glittering Icons," Art in America, January 2000, par. 14, http://www.findarticles.com.ofili.j672.jn. htm (accessed March 4, 2009).
3. "Shifting Sands," Economist, February 12-18, 2005, 47.
4. Malcolm Gladwell, "The Art of Failure: Why Some People Choke and Others Panic," The New Yorker, August 21, 2000, par 8, http://www.gladwell.com/2000_08_21_a_choking.html (accessed March 5, 2005).
Bibliography Examples:
Economist. "Shifting Sands." February 12–18, 2005, 46–47.
Gladwell, Malcolm. "The Art of Failure: Why Some People Choke and Others Panic." The New Yorker, August 21, 2000. http://www.gladwell.com/2000_08_21_a_choking.html (accessed March 5, 2009).
MacRitchie, Lynn. "Ofili's Glittering Icons." Art in America, January 2000, 75–84. http://www.findarticles.com .ofili.j672.jn.htm. (accessed March 4, 2005).
The basic principles to follow with newspaper articles or editorials are the same as with magazine articles (see above). Page numbers should be given if your source is a hard copy or microfilm rather than an electronic version.
Footnote Examples:
1. "Clash over Nobel Cash," Washington Post, February 11, 1998, A14.
2. Glanz, Jane, "Iraq's Shiite Alliance Wins Slim Majority in New Assembly," New York Times, February 17, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/17/international/middleeast/17cnd-iraq.html (accessed March 4, 2005).
Bibliography Examples:
Glanz, Jane. "Iraq's Shiite Alliance Wins Slim Majority in New Assembly." New York Times, February 17, 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/17/international/middleeast/17cnd-iraq.html (accessed March 4, 2005).
Washington Post. "Clash over Nobel Cash." February 11, 1998, A14.
The basic principles are the same as with magazine articles. Volume number should not be italicized; issue number as well as page number should be provided where available.
Footnote Examples:
1. Paul Barker, "The Impact of Class Size on the Classroom Behavior of Special Needs Students: A Longitudinal Study," Educational Quarterly 25, no. 4 (2004): 88.
2. Thomas Hurka, "Improving on Perfectionism," Philosophical Review 99 (1996): 472.
3. Peter Raedts, "The Children's Crusade of 1212," Journal of Medieval History 3, no. 4 (1994): 303.
4. Sally Sohmer, "Ways of Perceiving Maps and Globes," Psychology and History 3, no. 4 (2004): par. 7, http://www.shu.ac.uk/emls/03-1/sohmjuli.html (accessed March 5, 2005).
Bibliography Examples:
Barker, Paul. "The Impact of Class Size on the Classroom Behavior of Special Needs Students: A Longitudinal Study." Educational Quarterly 25, no. 4 (2004): 87–99.
Hurka, Thomas M. "Improving on Perfectionism." Philosophical Review 99 (1996): 462–73.
Raedts, Peter. "The Children's Crusade of 1212." Journal of Medieval History 3, no. 4 (1994): 279–304.
Sohmer, Sally. "Ways of Perceiving Maps and Globes." Psychology and History 3, no. 4 (2004). http://www .shu.ac.uk/emls/03-1/sohmjuli.html (accessed March 5, 2005).
Films, radio or television programs, interviews, dramatic performances, musical recordings, and paintings should be listed as follows:
Footnote Examples
1. Wag the Dog, directed by Barry Levinson (Los Angeles: MGM, 1997).
2. "Family Farm vs. Factory Farm," Country Canada, CBC Television, November 23, 2003, http://www.archivescbc.ca/IDC-I-73-1239-6930/pig_INDUSTRY/CLIP2 (accessed March 5, 2005).
3. Charles White, Dr. Rock, Radio York, July 2, 2006.
Bibliography Examples:
"Family Farm vs. Factory Farm." Country Canada. CBC Television, November 23, 2003. http://www. archivescbc.ca/IDC-I-73-1239-6930/pig_INDUSTRY/CLIP2 (accessed March 5, 2005)
Wag the Dog. Directed by Barry Levinson. Los Angeles: MGM, 1997.
White, Charles. Dr. Rock. Radio York, July 2, 2006.
Note that unpublished interviews and unattributed interviews are usually not included in the bibliography.
Footnote Examples:
1. Saul Bellow, interview by Jim Smith, Books in Canada, September 1996, 3.
2. Dorothy Counts and David Counts, interview by Pamela Wallin, Pamela Wallin Live, CBC Television, November 26, 2002.
3. Herbert Rosengarten, telephone interview by author, January 21, 2005.
Bibliography Examples:
Bellow, Saul. Interviewed by Jim Smith. Books in Canada, September 1996, 2–6.
Counts, Dorothy and David Counts. Interview by Pamela Wallin. Pamela Wallin Live. CBC Television, November 26, 2002.
The name of the reviewer (if it has been provided) should come first.
Footnote Example:
1. Andrew O'Hagan, "Fossil Fuels," review of Underground Energy, by Phyllis Jackson, London Review of Books, February 18, 2005, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n04/ohag01_.html (accessed March 5, 2009).
Bibliography Example:
O'Hagan, Andrew. "Fossil Fuels." Review of Underground Energy, by Phyllis Jackson. London Review of Books, February 18, 2005. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n04/ohag01_.html (accessed March 5, 2009).
In the case of online sources not covered by the above, the same principles apply. Where an author or editor is indicated, list by author.
Brown University. Women Writers Project. http://www.brown.edu/~letrs/html (accessed March 5, 2009).
"Profile of book publishing and exclusive agency, for English language firms, 2004." Statistics Canada. http ://www40.statcan.ca/101/cst01/arts02.htm (accessed March 6, 2009).
In the above pages, information about electronic sources has been presented in an integrated fashion, with information about referencing hard copies of journal articles presented alongside information about referencing online versions, and so on. Note that (unlike MLA Style), Chicago style does not put angle brackets around URLs.
Urban renewal is as much a matter of psychology as it is of bricks and mortar. As Paul Goldberger has described, there have been many plans to revitalize Havana.1 But both that city and the community of Cuban exiles in Florida remain haunted by a sense of absence and separation. As Lourdes Casal reminds us,
Exile
is living where there is no house whatever
in which we were ever children;2
The psychology of outsiders also makes a difference. Part of the reason Americans have not much noticed the dire plight of their fifth-largest city is that it does not "stir the national imagination."3 Conversely, there has been far more concern over the state of cities such as New Orleans and Quebec, whose history and architecture excite the romantic imagination. As Nora Phelps has discussed, the past is in itself a key trigger for romantic notions, and it is no doubt inevitable that cities whose history is particularly visible will engender passionate attachments. And as Stephanie Wright and Carole King have detailed in an important case study, almost all French-speaking Quebecers feel their heritage to be bound up with that of Quebec City. (Richard Ford's character Frank Bascombe has suggested that "New Orleans defeats itself" by longing "for a mystery it doesn't have and never will, if it ever did,"4 but this remains a minority view.)
Georgiana Gibson is also among those who have investigated the interplay between urban psychology and urban reality. Gibson's personal website now includes the first of a set of working models she is developing in an attempt to represent the effects of psychological schemata on the landscape.
1 Paul Goldberger, "Annals of Preservation: Bringing Back Havana," The New Republic, January 2005, 54.
2 Lourdes Casal, "Definition," trans. Elizabeth Macklin, New Yorker, January 26, 1998, 79.
3 Witold Rybczynski, "The Fifth City," review of A Prayer for the City, by Buzz Bissinger, New York Review
of Books, February 5, 1998, 13.
4 Richard Ford, The Sportswriter, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 1995), 48.
Casal, Lourdes. "Definition." Translated by Elizabeth Macklin. New Yorker, January 26, 1998, 79.
Ford, Richard. The Sportswriter. 2nd ed. New York: Random House, 1995.
Gibson, Georgiana. Cities in the Twentieth Century. Boston: Beacon, 2004.
---. Homepage. http:www.geography.by/u.edu/GIBSON/personal.htm (accessed March 4, 2009).
Goldberger, Paul. "Annals of Preservation: Bringing Back Havana." New Yorker, January 26, 2005, 50–62. http ://www.findarticles.com.goldberg.p65.jn.htm (accessed March 4, 2009).
Phelps, Nora. "Pastness and the Foundations of Romanticism." Romanticism on the Net 11 (May 2001). http ://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/phelpsmws.htm (accessed March 4, 2009).
Rybczynski, Witold. "The Fifth City." Review of A Prayer for the City, by D.B. Smith. New York Review of Books, February 5, 1998, 12-14.
Wright, Stephanie, and Carole King. Quebec: A History. 2 vols. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003.