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Part A: Understanding Concepts

 1

Value: 7
Match the items.
The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. This type of ethical judgment presupposes that we owe moral obligations to ecosystems.
b. This type of ethical judgment presupposes that we owe moral obligations to non-human entities.
c. This type of ethical judgment takes into account only moral obligations to human beings
d. This type of ethical judgment presupposes that we owe moral obligations to all living things.
e. Entities to which we can owe moral obligations have this ethical property.
f. This view of moral standing presupposes that we can owe moral obligations only to particular entities.
g. This type of ethical judgment presupposes that we owe moral obligations to all animals.
 

 2

Value: 7
Match the items.
The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.
a. This type of duty is owed to non-human entities regarding those same non-human entities.
b. These environmental problems have human causes.
c. States of affairs that have value for their own sake have this type of value.
d. This view of moral standing presupposes that we can owe moral obligations to structured collections of particular entities.
e. This type of duty is owed to human beings regarding non-human entities.
f. States of affairs that have value because they produce other valuable states of affairs have this type of value.
g. This type of reasoning attributes human behavior to non-human entities.
 

Part B: Applying Concepts

 3

Value: 1
"To get from Boston to Miami, you should take route I-95." What is the best classification for this statement?
 
 
 
 
 

 4

Value: 1
"The rate of species extinction has increased in the industrial era." What is the best classification for this statement?
 
 
 
 
 

 5

Value: 1
"If a given ecosystem can support only one species of salamander, and they have found many green salamanders in a particular place, we should conclude that there are no spiny salamanders there." What is the best classification for this statement?
 
 
 
 
 

 6

Value: 1
"When you see geese flying south in October, you should expect an early frost." What is the best classification for this statement?
 
 
 
 
 

 7

Value: 1
"The government should implement upstream pollution fees on fossil fuels." What is the best classification for this statement?
 
 
 
 
 

 8

Value: 1
The view that preserving the last surviving breeding pair of a bird species is ethically more important than preserving two house sparrows that are preventing them from nesting is
 
 
 
 
 

 9

Value: 1
The view that we have indirect obligations to animals and direct obligations to their owners is best classified in which of the following ways?
 
 
 
 
 

 10

Value: 1
"It would ruin the fishing." Classify this ethical reason for not draining a wetland according to the type of entities whose moral standing that it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 11

Value: 1
"All the fish would die." Classify this ethical reason for not draining a wetland according to the type of entities whose moral standing that it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 12

Value: 1
"It would destroy the habitat of the last golden toads." Classify this ethical reason for not draining a wetland according to the type of entities whose moral standing that it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 13

Value: 1
"The bulrushes would die." Classify this ethical reason for not draining a wetland according to the type of entities whose moral standing that it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 14

Value: 1
"The wetland ecosystem is very fragile." Classify this ethical reason for not draining a wetland according to the type of entities whose moral standing that it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 15

Value: 1
Much of the burden of climate change falls on developing countries. Classify this ethical reason for combating climate change according to the type of entities whose moral standing it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 16

Value: 1
"Deserts will encroach on savannahs." Classify this ethical reason for combating climate change according to the type of entities whose moral standing it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 17

Value: 1
"Most of the bad effects of climate change will be felt by our children's children." Classify this ethical reason for combating climate change according to the type of entities whose moral standing it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 18

Value: 1
"Polar bears will go extinct." Classify this ethical reason for combating climate change according to the type of entities whose moral standing it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 19

Value: 1
"Many glaciers will melt." Classify this ethical reason for combating climate change according to the type of entities whose moral standing it presupposes.
 
 
 
 
 

 20

Value: 1
When we view a forest purely as a resource for people, we view it as having which of the following types of value?
 
 
 
 
 

 21

Value: 1
When we view a forest purely as a resource for people, we adopt which view of moral standing?
 
 
 
 
 


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